主题:英文毕业论文写法（理科）
Thereareafewgeneralrulesthatapplytoscientificwriting,especiallythejournalarticle,theloosemodelforthiscourse’sreports.Itisveryimportantthatyoukeeptheseinmindwhenworkingonthepurposeordiscussion.
Oneruleistoalwayswriteconcisely.Extremeverbosityisnotdesirable,thismeansavoidingflowerylanguageandincludingonlymaterialrelevanttoagivensection,weatheritisthepurposeorthediscussion.Second,clarityisimportantifscientificwriting.Forexample,whenusingapronoun,makesurethatitisperfectlyclearwhichnounthepronounrefersto.Third,writethereportlikeaprofessionalchemist.Avoidphraseslike,“thepurposeofthisexperimentwastointroducekineticstotheclass.”Anappropriatepurposewouldbe,“Todaywewillinvestigatethealkylationofsodiumsaccharinwithiodoethaneusingthemeltingpointtodeterminethemajorproduct.”
YoumustmaintainyourlaboratorynotebooksasyourONLYnotebook.Allwritinginyournotebooksmustbeinpenandshouldbesignedanddated.
PurposeTips
Thepurposeshouldbetoresembletheintroductiontoascientificjournalarticle,butwithamuchnarrowerscopeandexclusionofreferencestorelevantliterature.Mostimportantly,youneedtostatetheproblemclearly(i.e.whatisthe‘purpose’forperformingtheexperiment;whatknowledgedoyouhopetogain?)Youshouldalsobrieflytalkabouttheapproachyou’llbeusing(e.g.‘theeffectoftemperatureonbatteryoperationwillbestudiedusingazincandcadmiumelectrochemicalcell)andthevaluesofinterestyouhopetoascertain(e.g.“thechangeinGibbsfreeenergyatstandardstateconditionswillbedetermined”.)Astheexampledemonstrates,mentionthechemicalsbeingstudiedoractingastheprimaryreagents.
DiscussionTips
Injournalarticles,veryoftenthereisasectioncalled“ResultsandDiscussion”.Keepinmindthatyourreportsheets,whereyoupresentyourresults,arecloselyrelatedtothediscussion.Thediscussionisnottheplacetorehashthetheoryorsummarizetheprocedure.Itconstitutestheculminationofthescientificmethod:yourhypothesisisprovenviableornot.Itisaboutconclusions,whetheryoumakeausefuldiscoveryordivideaprocedureisinvalid.Itspurposeistoexpandonyourobservationsanddiscusswhatmayhavecausedbadresults.
Therefore,youneedtoevaluateyourresults.Arethey‘good,’,‘bad’,precise,accurate,toohigh,ortoolow?Whatisthesignificanceofyourresults,ifany?Whatarethelimitationsofyourresults?Whatarepossibleerrors?
Indiscussingerrors,itisoftenhelpfultorefertothepercenterrorordeviationfromanacceptedvalue.However,doNOTmerelylistpossibleerrors(forexample,“Toomuchsolventmayhavebeenaddedtothevolumetricflask”).YoushouldDISCUSStheerrorsthatmayhaveshiftedanotherwisereasonableanswerinthedirectionofanerroneousone.Also,ifyouuseanequationtoarriveatyourfinalresult,commentonhowdifferentvariablescouldhaveaffectedthefinalresult.Forexample,“…alargermasswillresultinahighervalueforthemolecularweight”.
Therearemorequestionstoconsiderwhenyouareevaluatingtheexperiment.Whattrendsdidthedatashow?Iftherewerenotrends,butyouthoughtthereshouldhavebeen,discussthatalso.Reflectbackonthepurposeofthelab–wasthegoaloftheexperimentachieved?Whyorwhynot?Howcouldthetechniqueusedbeappliedtoothersituations?Whywasyourmethodmoreorlesssuitablethanotheravailable(e.g.determiningconcentrationbytitrationratherthanbyusinganabsorptionspectrometer).Howmightyouchangetheproceduretoobtainbetterresults?
Ifyouwouldlikeadditionalhelpwritingyourreporteffectively,tryconsultingtheAmericanChemicalSocietyStyleGuide:AManualforAuthorsandEditors(especiallypages1-17)editedbyJanetS.Dodd,whichisonreserveinthechemistrylibrary.Also,youmayfindithelpfultoreadanarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanChemicalSocietyasanexample.
Thereareafewgeneralrulesthatapplytoscientificwriting,especiallythejournalarticle,theloosemodelforthiscourse’sreports.Itisveryimportantthatyoukeeptheseinmindwhenworkingonthepurposeordiscussion.
Oneruleistoalwayswriteconcisely.Extremeverbosityisnotdesirable,thismeansavoidingflowerylanguageandincludingonlymaterialrelevanttoagivensection,weatheritisthepurposeorthediscussion.Second,clarityisimportantifscientificwriting.Forexample,whenusingapronoun,makesurethatitisperfectlyclearwhichnounthepronounrefersto.Third,writethereportlikeaprofessionalchemist.Avoidphraseslike,“thepurposeofthisexperimentwastointroducekineticstotheclass.”Anappropriatepurposewouldbe,“Todaywewillinvestigatethealkylationofsodiumsaccharinwithiodoethaneusingthemeltingpointtodeterminethemajorproduct.”
YoumustmaintainyourlaboratorynotebooksasyourONLYnotebook.Allwritinginyournotebooksmustbeinpenandshouldbesignedanddated.
PurposeTips
Thepurposeshouldbetoresembletheintroductiontoascientificjournalarticle,butwithamuchnarrowerscopeandexclusionofreferencestorelevantliterature.Mostimportantly,youneedtostatetheproblemclearly(i.e.whatisthe‘purpose’forperformingtheexperiment;whatknowledgedoyouhopetogain?)Youshouldalsobrieflytalkabouttheapproachyou’llbeusing(e.g.‘theeffectoftemperatureonbatteryoperationwillbestudiedusingazincandcadmiumelectrochemicalcell)andthevaluesofinterestyouhopetoascertain(e.g.“thechangeinGibbsfreeenergyatstandardstateconditionswillbedetermined”.)Astheexampledemonstrates,mentionthechemicalsbeingstudiedoractingastheprimaryreagents.
DiscussionTips
Injournalarticles,veryoftenthereisasectioncalled“ResultsandDiscussion”.Keepinmindthatyourreportsheets,whereyoupresentyourresults,arecloselyrelatedtothediscussion.Thediscussionisnottheplacetorehashthetheoryorsummarizetheprocedure.Itconstitutestheculminationofthescientificmethod:yourhypothesisisprovenviableornot.Itisaboutconclusions,whetheryoumakeausefuldiscoveryordivideaprocedureisinvalid.Itspurposeistoexpandonyourobservationsanddiscusswhatmayhavecausedbadresults.
Therefore,youneedtoevaluateyourresults.Arethey‘good,’,‘bad’,precise,accurate,toohigh,ortoolow?Whatisthesignificanceofyourresults,ifany?Whatarethelimitationsofyourresults?Whatarepossibleerrors?
Indiscussingerrors,itisoftenhelpfultorefertothepercenterrorordeviationfromanacceptedvalue.However,doNOTmerelylistpossibleerrors(forexample,“Toomuchsolventmayhavebeenaddedtothevolumetricflask”).YoushouldDISCUSStheerrorsthatmayhaveshiftedanotherwisereasonableanswerinthedirectionofanerroneousone.Also,ifyouuseanequationtoarriveatyourfinalresult,commentonhowdifferentvariablescouldhaveaffectedthefinalresult.Forexample,“…alargermasswillresultinahighervalueforthemolecularweight”.
Therearemorequestionstoconsiderwhenyouareevaluatingtheexperiment.Whattrendsdidthedatashow?Iftherewerenotrends,butyouthoughtthereshouldhavebeen,discussthatalso.Reflectbackonthepurposeofthelab–wasthegoaloftheexperimentachieved?Whyorwhynot?Howcouldthetechniqueusedbeappliedtoothersituations?Whywasyourmethodmoreorlesssuitablethanotheravailable(e.g.determiningconcentrationbytitrationratherthanbyusinganabsorptionspectrometer).Howmightyouchangetheproceduretoobtainbetterresults?
Ifyouwouldlikeadditionalhelpwritingyourreporteffectively,tryconsultingtheAmericanChemicalSocietyStyleGuide:AManualforAuthorsandEditors(especiallypages1-17)editedbyJanetS.Dodd,whichisonreserveinthechemistrylibrary.Also,youmayfindithelpfultoreadanarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanChemicalSocietyasanexample.